The Horton and Tokunaga branching laws provide a convenient framework for studying self-similarity in random trees. The Horton self-similarity is a weaker property that addresses the principal branching in a tree; it is a counterpart of the power-law size distribution for elements of a branching system. The stronger Tokunaga self-similarity addresses so-called side branching. The Horton and Tok...

This paper considers fractal trees with self-similar side branching. The Tokunaga classification system for side branching is introduced, along with the Tokunaga self-similarity condition. Area filling (D = 2) and volume filling (D = 3) deterministic fractal tree constructions are introduced both with and without side branching. Applications to diffusion limited aggregation (DLA), actual draina...

The assessment of relationships between satellite-derived vegetation indices and meteorological drought improves our understanding of how these indices respond to climatic changes. The combination of climate data and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) product of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of d...

The semantics of gradable adjectives, in particular their order with respect to one another on a given scale, are not sufficiently represented in lexical resources such as wordnets. Thus, it is not clear whether superb expresses the quality of “goodness” equally, more, or less strongly than excellent or great. Sheinman and Tokunaga (2009) determine the relative gradation of English adjectives b...

The structure and scaling of river networks characterized using fractal dimensions related to Horton's laws is assessed. The Hortonian sealing framework is shown to be limited in that strict self similarity is only possible for structurally Hortonian networks. Dimension estimates using the Hortonian scaling system are biased and do not admit space filling. Tokunaga eyclicity presents an alterna...

The livers of rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde, treated with the revised tannin-osmium method of MURAKAMI (1974), freeze-cracked by the method of TOKUNAGA et al. (1974), critical point dried and vacuum-evaporated with a thin metal layer. The endothelial cells and Kupffer cells of liver sinusoids were examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The endothelial cells li...

Previously, it was reported that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from myobacteriophages could infect host bacteria, without protoplasting or otherwise extensively modifying the cells [T. Tokunaga and M.I. Sellers, J. Exptl. Med. 119:139, 1964; M. I. Sellers and T. Tokunaga, J. Exptl. Med. 123:327, 1966; T. Tokunaga and R. M. Nakamura, Med. Biol. (Tokyo) 71:384, 1965]. Mycobacterial strain...